نظام التتبع الشمسي الذاتي: تحسين استخدامك للطاقة الشمسية

دين شوفن

This tutorial will provide a detailed guide on how to build a low-cost solar tracking system based on the LINKSOLAR monopole ground mount (official link), which can improve the power generation efficiency of a 100W photovoltaic panel by 30%-45%. The tutorial includes code, a materials list, and weatherproofing solutions.

1. Why Do We Need a Solar Tracking System?

1.1 Improving Power Generation Efficiency

• Fixed Mount: Daily energy capture is about 70%.
• Single-Axis Tracking: Efficiency increases to 85%-90% (NREL data).
• Dual-Axis Tracking: Can reach up to 95% (goal of this project).

1.2 Advantages of LINKSOLAR Mount

• Industrial-Grade Load Capacity: Single pole supports up to 6 x 100W panels.
• Quick Modification: Compatible with NEMA17 stepper motor.
• Wind-Resistant Design: 4-inch galvanized steel pole + pre-buried foundation.

2. Materials List and Tool Preparation

3. Step-by-Step Installation Guide

3.1 Mount Modification Steps

• Pole Reinforcement
• Weld a flange bearing (model FYLC-205) to the top of the LINKSOLAR mount.
• Secure the NEMA17 motor with U-bolts (horizontal rotation axis).
• Tilt Adjustment Structure
• Use L-shaped aluminum (6061-T6) to connect the panel to the second motor.
• Install limit switches (KW12-3) to prevent over-rotation.

3.2 Circuit Connection Diagram

[SEO Tip] Use alt text to describe the image:
“Solar tracking system wiring diagram – ESP32 controls dual-axis motors and light sensor.”

4. Arduino Code Explanation (with PID Algorithm)

4.1 Code Structure Overview

The Arduino code for this system is based on a PID control algorithm, using the TSL2591 light sensor and MPU6050 orientation sensor to adjust the solar panel angle in real-time for dual-axis tracking. The code is divided into the following sections:

• Sensor Initialization: Includes TSL2591 light sensor and MPU6050 orientation sensor setup.
• PID Control: Uses PID algorithm to calculate motor steps for precise horizontal (azimuth) and vertical (elevation) control.
• Motor Drive: Controls stepper motor direction and steps based on PID output.
• Data Monitoring: Outputs sensor data and PID calculations via serial for debugging.

4.2 Complete Code

#include <Wire.h>
#include <Adafruit_TSL2591.h>
#include <MPU6050.h>
#include <PID_v1.h>

// Sensor objects
Adafruit_TSL2591 tslEast = Adafruit_TSL2591(0x29);
Adafruit_TSL2591 tslWest = Adafruit_TSL2591(0x30);
MPU6050 mpu;

// PID parameters
double Kp = 2.0, Ki = 0.5, Kd = 0.1;
double inputEast, inputVertical, outputStepH, outputStepV;
double setpointH = 0, setpointV = 45; // Initial tilt angle 45°

PID horizontalPID(&inputEast, &outputStepH, &setpointH, Kp, Ki, Kd, DIRECT);
PID verticalPID(&inputVertical, &outputStepV, &setpointV, Kp, Ki, Kd, DIRECT);

// Pin definitions
#define STEP_H 12
#define DIR_H 13
#define STEP_V 14
#define DIR_V 15

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(115200);
  Wire.begin();

  // Initialize sensors
  tslEast.begin();
  tslWest.begin();
  mpu.initialize();

  // Set TSL2591 gain
  tslEast.setGain(TSL2591_GAIN_MED);
  tslWest.setGain(TSL2591_GAIN_MED);

  // Initialize PID
  horizontalPID.SetMode(AUTOMATIC);
  verticalPID.SetMode(AUTOMATIC);
  horizontalPID.SetOutputLimits(-200, 200);
  verticalPID.SetOutputLimits(-100, 100);

  // Set motor pin modes
  pinMode(STEP_H, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(DIR_H, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(STEP_V, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(DIR_V, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {
  // Read east and west light intensity
  uint32_t eastLux = tslEast.getFullLuminosity();
  uint32_t westLux = tslWest.getFullLuminosity();
  inputEast = (eastLux - westLux) / 1000.0;

  // Read current tilt angle
  int16_t ax, ay, az;
  mpu.getAcceleration(&ax, &ay, &az);
  inputVertical = atan2(ay, az) * 180 / M_PI;

  // Calculate PID output
  horizontalPID.Compute();
  verticalPID.Compute();

  // Drive horizontal motor
  digitalWrite(DIR_H, outputStepH > 0 ? HIGH : LOW);
  for(int i=0; i<abs(outputStepH); i++){
    digitalWrite(STEP_H, HIGH);
    delayMicroseconds(500);
    digitalWrite(STEP_H, LOW);
    delayMicroseconds(500);
  }

  // Drive vertical motor
  digitalWrite(DIR_V, outputStepV > 0 ? HIGH : LOW);
  for(int i=0; i<abs(outputStepV); i++){
    digitalWrite(STEP_V, HIGH);
    delayMicroseconds(500);
    digitalWrite(STEP_V, LOW);
    delayMicroseconds(500);
  }

  // Print data
  Serial.print("East:");
  Serial.print(eastLux);
  Serial.print(" West:");
  Serial.print(westLux);
  Serial.print(" Angle:");
  Serial.println(inputVertical);

  delay(1000);
}

4.3 Key Code Analysis

• PID Control
• horizontalPID and verticalPID control horizontal and vertical motors, respectively.
• inputEast and inputVertical are PID inputs, representing east-west light intensity difference and current tilt angle.
• outputStepH and outputStepV are PID outputs, indicating motor steps.
• Motor Drive
• Use digitalWrite to control motor direction (DIR_H and DIR_V).
• Use for loop and delayMicroseconds to control motor stepping speed.
• Data Monitoring
• Output east-west light intensity and current tilt angle via serial for debugging and monitoring.

4.4 Key Library Installation

• Arduino IDE Library Manager
• Search and install Adafruit TSL2591 Library.
• Search and install MPU6050 by Electronic Cats.
• Search and install PID by Brett Beauregard.

4.5 Calibration Process

• Light Sensor Calibration

  void calibrateTSL() {
    tslEast.setGain(TSL2591_GAIN_LOW);
    tslWest.setGain(TSL2591_GAIN_LOW);
    // Run after aligning both sensors to the same light source
    while(abs(tslEast.getLuminosity() - tslWest.getLuminosity()) > 100) {
      delay(1000);
    }
  }

• MPU6050 Calibration

  void calibrateMPU() {
    mpu.CalibrateAccel(6); // 6-sample calibration
    mpu.CalibrateGyro(6);
    mpu.PrintActiveOffsets();
  }

4.6 3D Printing Enclosures

• Motor mounts
• Sensor enclosures

5. Debugging and Maintenance Tips

5.1 Calibration Process

• Light Sensor Calibration
• Compare TSL2591 readings with a lux meter (error within ±3%).
• Mechanical Zero Reset
• Use limit switches to set initial horizontal/vertical positions.

5.2 Routine Maintenance

• Quarterly Check: Clean rail debris and lubricate bearings.
• Annual Upgrade: Update PID parameters (optimize based on local weather data).

7. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Take Action: Contact LINKSOLAR official staff and start your green energy project!

We hope this tutorial helps you successfully build an efficient solar tracking system！

يرجى تفعيل JavaScript في متصفحك لإكمال هذا النموذج.

الاسم *

أولاً

الأخير

البريد الإلكتروني *

تعليق أو رسالة

إرسال