Guía completa de montaje y mantenimiento de paneles solares
Solar panel mounts are an indispensable component of photovoltaic systems, directly supporting the power generation units of solar power plants. Proper design and installation of mounts not only ensure the safe and stable operation of solar panels for over 25 years but also optimize energy efficiency, maximizing system investment returns. This guide aims to provide solar system installers and users with comprehensive knowledge on mount installation and maintenance, helping you make informed decisions throughout the process of material selection, design, installation, and post-installation maintenance, while avoiding common issues and extending system lifespan.
1.Installation Preparation
Choosing the Right Solar Panel Mount
Material Selection:
- Aluminum Alloy Mounts: Lightweight, corrosion-resistant, and aesthetically pleasing, suitable for rooftop lightweight installations. However, they have lower load-bearing capacity and are more expensive.
- Stainless Steel Mounts: The most expensive option with excellent weather resistance and high recyclable value.
- Galvanized Steel Mounts: Stable performance, mature manufacturing process, high load-bearing capacity, easy installation, and excellent corrosion resistance. Widely used in residential, industrial solar PV and solar power plants.
- Weathering Steel Mounts: Form a dense protective layer through rusting, effectively extending lifespan. Costs about 15% less than galvanized steel mounts.
Type Selection:
- Fixed Mounts: Simple structure, low maintenance cost, suitable for most applications.
- Tilted Mounts: Adjust the angle according to local latitude to improve efficiency.
- Tracking Mounts: Adjust orientation with solar movement, significantly increasing efficiency. Studies show that trackers can boost solar panel efficiency by over 30%, although they may increase construction costs by about 20%.
Understanding Installation Environment
Environmental Assessment:
- Wind Load Calculation: Wk = βz μs μz Wo, where βz is the wind vibration coefficient, typically 1.0; μs is the wind load shape coefficient, usually 1.4; μz is the wind pressure height change coefficient; Wo is the basic wind pressure.
- Snow Load Calculation: Sk = μr So, where μr is the roof snow distribution coefficient, typically 1; So is the basic snow pressure, usually 19.6 N/m² in ordinary areas and 29.4 N/m² in heavy snow areas.
Ground Condition Assessment:
- Concrete Foundation: Suitable for areas with poor ground bearing capacity, flat terrain, and low groundwater levels. Offers high stability but requires longer construction time and specific geological conditions.
- Pre-fabricated Pile Foundation: Fast construction speed, suitable for projects with tight deadlines. However, piles may fracture during installation, requiring steel mesh reinforcement at the top to enhance structural strength and stability.
- Driven Piles: Simple installation, suitable for good geological conditions. However, they have poor pull-out resistance and may loosen in extreme weather conditions.
- Screw Piles: Suitable for various geological conditions, quick and environmentally friendly installation, can be implemented in different climates. Offers high pull-out resistance, ensuring system stability.
Other Installation Conditions:
- Wall Mounting: Common for urban environments with limited space. Requires assessment of wall structure to ensure it can bear the weight and wind loads of the solar system. Different wall types require different installation methods. For brick or concrete walls, expansion bolts can be directly drilled; for lightweight partitions, pre-reinforcement is needed.
- Roof Mounting: Suitable when ground space is limited but less favorable for maintenance and panel angle adjustments.
- Pole Mounting: For existing utility poles, streetlights, or dedicated poles, solar panels require special clamps and installation techniques. Pole mounting saves ground space and can increase panel height, reducing shading and improving efficiency.
- RV Mounting: Installing solar panels on RV roofs is ideal for mobile living. The main challenge is ensuring the mounts are securely fixed without compromising the roof’s waterproofing. There are two main installation methods: drilled and drill-free.
2.Installation Steps
Preparing Tools and Materials
Tool List:
- Drill, wrench set, screwdriver set, tape measure, level, angle grinder, hammer, safety helmet, and other personal protective equipment.
- Special tools: Concrete pouring tools (for concrete foundations) or specialized drilling and screwing equipment (for screw piles).
Material List:
- Mounting structure, connectors, bolts, washers, and corrosion protection materials.
Installation Process
- Foundation Installation:
- Concrete Foundation: Dig foundation pits, place steel reinforcement cages, pour concrete, and wait for it to fully set.
- Screw Piles: Use specialized equipment to screw piles into the ground to the designed depth, ensuring verticality and stability.
- Pole Installation: Check that all components are securely installed and adjust to the appropriate angle.
- Mounting Structure Installation:
- Mark the positions of the columns, ensuring accurate geometric dimensions.
- Install columns, securing them to the prepared foundation.
- Install beams and supports, forming a complete mounting frame.
- Solar Panel Installation:
- Install connectors and rail systems.
- Mount solar panels on the frame, ensuring secure connections. Recommend using aluminum clamps with a length of ≥80mm or ≥150mm and a thickness of ≥3mm, along with EPDM rubber pads and M8 bolts, with a torque range of 16-20 N.M.
Avoiding Common Mistakes
- Incompatible Sizes: Perform detailed measurements and calculations before installation to ensure the mount design matches the solar panel size.
- Installation Errors Causing Safety Hazards: Follow design specifications and installation manuals strictly, ensuring bolt tightening torque meets requirements (e.g., M12 bolts), and the mount’s verticality and horizontality are accurate, with structural strength designed according to local climate conditions.
3.Maintenance and Optimization
Regular Inspection and Cleaning
Inspection Plan:
- Regularly inspect the mounting structure for deformation, corrosion, or loose connections.
- Visual Inspection: Check for obvious deformation, cracks, corrosion, or paint peeling.
- Non-Destructive Testing: Use ultrasonic or magnetic powder inspection to assess the actual load-bearing capacity of critical structural parts.
- Connection Tightness Check: Use a torque wrench to check the tightness of bolts and nuts.
Cleaning Maintenance:
- Clean the solar panel mounts every six months or annually using soft brushes or cloths, avoiding corrosive or hard objects.
- Regularly apply rust-inhibiting oil or coatings to metal mounts, especially in humid environments.
- Choose early morning or late afternoon for cleaning to minimize safety risks.
Performance Optimization
Angle Adjustment:
- Optimal angle is usually related to the local latitude. For fixed installations, the angle is typically equal to the latitude; for seasonal adjustments, summer angles can be 5 degrees less than latitude, and winter angles 5 degrees more.
- Use angle adjustment devices to secure the mount at the optimal angle.
More maintenance optimization tips
Smart Technology Application:
- Solar Trackers: Adjust solar panels to face the sun, significantly increasing efficiency.
- Smart Monitoring Systems: Monitor the status of mounts and solar panels in real-time, including temperature, humidity, and wind speed, to identify and warn of potential issues, optimizing system performance and maintenance strategies.
4.Conclusion
Solar panel mounts are crucial for photovoltaic systems, affecting their safety, stability, and efficiency. This guide provides comprehensive knowledge on material selection, environmental assessment, installation processes, common mistakes to avoid, and maintenance strategies. It helps solar system installers and users make informed decisions throughout the installation and maintenance process.
In the future, solar mounts will evolve towards being more lightweight, stronger, and smarter. New materials like composite fibers will offer lighter and more robust options. Advances in tracking and monitoring technologies will further enhance efficiency and operational efficiency. Modular designs and standardized installations will simplify the process, reducing costs and time. As a key component of the solar industry, the continuous innovation of solar mounts will provide stronger support for the widespread adoption of clean energy.
5.Frequently Asked Questions
How to Choose the Right Mounting Material?
1.Aluminum Alloy Mounts: Suitable for lightweight rooftop installations.
2.Galvanized Steel Mounts: Cost-effective, suitable for most applications.
3.Stainless Steel Mounts: Best corrosion resistance, ideal for coastal areas.
How Often Should Mounts Be Inspected?
Generally, inspect every six months, especially after extreme weather conditions.
How to Determine the Optimal Solar Panel Angle?
Optimal angle is usually equal to the local latitude. For seasonal adjustments, summer angles can be 5 degrees less than latitude, and winter angles 5 degrees more.
What Distance Should Be Maintained Between Mounts to Avoid Shading?
The minimum distance between adjacent mounts should ensure no shading during the winter solstice (when the sun is at its lowest angle). Use formulas or professional software for simulation to maximize annual energy output.
What is the Lifespan of Solar Panel Mounts?
High-quality mounts are designed to last over 25 years. Aluminum and stainless steel mounts may last longer, while galvanized steel mounts require regular maintenance to maintain corrosion protection.
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